What does a map projection achieve?

A map projection achieves a crucial function in cartography by applying a mathematical formula to represent the three-dimensional surface of the Earth on a two-dimensional map. This process involves various techniques that transform the spherical shape of the Earth, which can result in certain distortions of area, shape, distance, or direction depending on the type of projection used. Map projections are essential for creating maps that people can use for navigation, education, and a better understanding of spatial relationships.

For instance, some projections are designed for accuracy in specific areas, while others might prioritize displaying true distances or shapes. The effectiveness of a map projection can depend on its intended use, highlighting the importance of understanding this aspect in geography and social studies.